Edward Hull opens Volcanoes: Past and Present by disclaiming any attempt at a complete global survey, instead choosing to illustrate recent conclusions about volcanic action through carefully selected examples. The book, part of the Contemporary Science Series edited by Havelock Ellis, reflects a late-Victorian scientific voice that is both precise and cautious. Hull repeatedly stresses that the volcanic products of past geological epochs are so similar to those of the present that only alterations in structure or composition since extrusion allow important distinctions to be drawn.

A Deliberate Scope, Not an Encyclopedia

Hull explicitly states in his preface that he has not aimed for an approximately complete description of global volcanic and seismic phenomena. Such an undertaking, he writes, would involve an amount of labour which few would be bold enough to attempt. Instead, he selects examples from districts where phenomena have been most carefully observed under the light of modern geological science. This framing is crucial: the book is a synthetic work, not a field manual. Hull draws on American geologists such as Captain Dutton and Sir A. Geikie, quoting Geikie’s vivid description of riding for hours by a vast plain of basalt stretching as far as the eye could reach. The reliance on other observers’ records gives the text a layered, collaborative quality.

The Language of Gradual Force

Hull’s diction favors terms of process and duration: extravasated matter, welled up in mighty floods, pari passu. He describes lava that has deluged the surrounding country like a tide in a bay, a simile that emphasizes slow, inexorable spread rather than explosive violence. When discussing the Snake River region, he notes that lavas appear to have been extruded from fissures rather than ordinary craters, a conclusion supported by the absence of visible cones. The voice is that of a geologist reasoning from absence: because no vents are seen, the eruption must have come from fissures. This logical chain, built on negative evidence, is a recurring structural pattern in the text.

Pacing and the Geological Present

Hull frequently shifts between past and present tense, creating a sense that geological forces are ongoing. He writes that the cessation of eruptions in Utah is an event of such recent date that Mr. Gilbert is led to look forward to their resumption at some future, but not distant, epoch. The internal causes, Hull insists, are still in operation. This temporal fluidity—where ancient lava flows are described as if they might resume tomorrow—gives the prose a distinctive urgency. The reader is reminded that volcanic energy is not extinct, only resting. Hull’s own question—whether we now live in an epoch of extraordinary volcanic energy—hangs over the entire work, unanswered but persistently implied.

Illustration as Argument

The book contains 41 illustrations and four plates of rock-sections. Hull uses figures not merely as decoration but as evidence. The frontispiece, a photograph of the eruption of Vesuvius in 1872-1873, anchors the discussion in a specific, documented event. In the text, he refers to the work of American geologists who have mapped the High Plateau of Utah, and he reproduces their observations about older volcanic cones buried beneath seas of lava. The illustrations and cited authorities function together: the photographs show what the text describes, and the cited reports provide the interpretive framework. Hull’s method is to let the images and the words of other scientists carry much of the evidentiary weight, while his own voice synthesizes and directs.

Readers should approach Volcanoes: Past and Present as a work of synthesis rather than a comprehensive treatise. Hull’s careful selection of examples—from Vesuvius to the Snake River plains—demonstrates his argument that volcanic action has been consistent across geological time. The book rewards attention to his use of other scientists’ observations and his own cautious inferences, which together build a picture of a dynamic, still-active Earth.